Insulinoterapia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Una revisión narrativa / Insulin based therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A narrative review / Insulinoterapia em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Uma revisão narrativa

RESUMEN Introducción La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que ha aumentado su incidencia en las últimas décadas en todo el mundo, siendo su tratamiento pautas y esquemas de insulinoterapia. No obstante, la gran disponibilidad comercial y el control glucémico atribuido a la insulinoterapia ha generado múltiples confusiones en los usuarios y el personal de salud. Objetivo Describir las pautas y esquemas en el tratamiento de la DM2. Desarrollo La evolución tecnológica de la insulinoterapia conlleva el uso de múltiples análogos. Dentro de estos destacan los inhalatorios y premezclas por su eficacia en el control glucémico a través del tiempo, considerando las pautas de administración subcutánea en estas premezclas una serie de elementos como la zona de punción, seguridad y uso de pliegues. Dichas pautas han inducido la creación de diversos esquemas de insulinoterapia entre los que se destacan los métodos de acción intensiva y acción móvil, orientados a la simulación de la insulina fisiológica como mecanismo de acción para el control glucémico. La seguridad de estos mecanismos depende del sistema público de salud chileno para la dosificación, administración y control suministrado. Conclusión Las pautas y esquemas de insulinoterapia sugieren el uso de análogos de acción prolongada ante hiperglucemia; su uso requiere conocimiento integral de los pacientes y cuidadores con el fin de evitar efectos adversos. Los hallazgos de esta revisión deben ser considerados con cautela al momento de tomar decisiones clínicas producto de las limitaciones metodológicas propias del diseño utilizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the non transmissible chronic illnesses which have increased in prevalence during the last decades worldwide. Among the related treatments is the insulin based therapy. Nevertheless, the multiple and diverse controlled and commercial options of this therapy have generated confusion among both the users and health staff. Objective To describe some insulin-based therapy approaches to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Development The related technological advances have produced new diverse analog forms of insulin-based therapies. Among these, inhaling and blended forms can be highlig- hteddue to their efficacy in glucose control. Among the blended mixture, administration forms are the intensive action and the mobile action ones, which can use a human insulin analog as the key therapy element. The public systems, including the Chilean, have an important security role in the supervision and monitoring of the proper and correct dose administrations. Conclusion The diverse forms of insulin-based therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus include those with prolonged action insulin analogs but their use should be based on integral knowledge in order to avoid adverse effects. The findings of this review should be considered with caution due to the methodological limitations derived from the study design.

RESUMO Introdução O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), é uma das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que tem aumentado sua incidência nas últimas décadas no mundo todo, sendo suas diretrizes de tratamento e esquemas de insulinoterapia. No entanto, a grande disponibilidade comercial e o controle glicêmico atribuído à insulinoterapia têm gerado múltiplas confusões em usuários e profissionais de saúde. Objetivo Descrever as diretrizes e esquemas no tratamento do DM2. Desenvolvimento A evolução tecnológica da insulinoterapia envolve o uso de múltiplos análogos. Dentre estes, os inalantes e pré-misturas destacam-se por sua eficácia no controle glicêmico ao longo do tempo, considerando as orientações de administração subcutânea nessas pré-misturas uma série de elementos como área de punção, segurança e uso de dobras. Essas diretrizes levaram à criação de diversos esquemas de insulinoterapia, dentre os quais se destacam os métodos de ação intensiva e ação móvel, visando simular a insulina fisiológica como mecanismo de ação para o controle glicêmico. A segurança desses mecanismos depende do sistema de saúde pública chileno para a dosagem, administração e controle fornecidos. Conclusão Diretrizes e esquemas de insulinoterapia sugerem o uso de análogos de longa ação na hiperglicemia; seu uso requer conhecimento abrangente dos pacientes e cuidadores a fim de evitar efeitos adversos. Os achados desta revisão devem ser considerados com cautela ao tomar decisões clínicas devido às limitações metodológicas do desenho utilizado.

A Rare Complication of Corneal Abrasion in Otorhinolaryngology Procedure: Lessons Learnt.

Despite their close anatomical relationship, orbital complications rarely occur during otorhinolaryngology operations. The well-known complication is the orbital injury during endoscopic sinus surgery. Procedures such as tonsillectomy or sinus surgery limited to the ostium widening rarely induce such an injury. We report two cases of corneal abrasion after otorhinolaryngological operative procedures.

The Role of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Diagnosis of Spine Tuberculosis after Pre operativeAnti tuberculosis Treatment

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis after 2 weeks of preoperative anti tuberculosis treatment and to compare PCR to the Lwenstein Jensen Culture (LJC) and histopathological examination (HPE) methods. Methods: Twenty five patients were included in this study. Sixteen patients were diagnosed and treated for spinal tuberculosis based on clinical and radiological evidence. Nine patients were controls. The LJC me

Frecuencia de aneurisma aórtico abdominal en población adulta con factores de riesgo conocidos / Frequency of abdominal aortic aneurysms in adult population with known risk factors

BACKGROUND: The incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms has increased. Its predisposing factors are smoking, high blood pressure and dislipidemia. Progressive aneurysmal enlargement may lead to its rupture, which is associated to a mortality rate above 80 per cent. AIM: To assess the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in Chilean subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Through announcements in open media we invited individuals aged over 60 years, who smoked, had hypertension and/or had occlusive arterial disease, to participate in a study that included medical history and physical examination. An aortic ultrasound was performed in all subjects in whom the aorta was not palpable or there was a suspicion of dilatation. Aortic diameter over 3 cm was considered aneurysmal. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty six subjects aged 67.1 +/- 6.7 years, (73.9 per cent males), were evaluated. The study group included 62 per cent hypertensives, 39 per cent with abnormal lipids and 46 per cent smokers. Known coronary heart disease or peripheral arterial diseases were present in 14 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively. Ultrasound was required in 159 subjects. Aneurysms were detected in 21 persons (5.9 per cent), 7.6 per cent in males and 1.1 per cent in females. The mean transverse diameter of the aneurysm was 4.1 cm (3-7.5). Aneurysm was found in 2.3 per cent of subjects younger than 65 years and 8.3 per cent of subjects aged over 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms was 5.9 per cent, affecting predominantly males, with a notorious increase with advanced age.

Relationship between symptoms and objective measures of airway obstruction in asthmatic patients.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between asthma symptoms and the degree of airway obstruction as measured by the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in a group of 64 asthmatic patients with clinically stable disease attending a university-based urban asthma clinic. Asthma symptoms did not correlate with the degree of airway obstruction as measured by prebronchodilator PEFR (total asthma symptom score vs PEFR: r = -0.214, p = 0.104, n = 59) and only correlated poorly with prebronchodilator FEV1 (total asthma symptom score vs FEV1: r = -0.256, p = 0.041, n = 64). These results lend support to the recommendation that airway obstruction should be measured objectively when assessing patients with chronic persistent asthma.

Acceptance of the Accuhaler, a multi-dose powder inhaler, among asthmatic patients: a comparison with the pressurized metered-dose inhaler.

This study aimed to evaluate dry powder inhaler naive asthmatic patients' perception and preference of the Accuhaler, a multidose dry powder inhaler and the pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI). After the first instruction, 66.7% of 48 patients enrolled in the study could demonstrate the correct use of the Accuhaler. When the patients were asked to compare the pMDI and the Accuhaler after using the Accuhaler to administer salmeterol for 4 weeks, the Accuhaler scored significantly better than the pMDI for the following features: knowing how many doses are left, presence of an attached cover, taste, instruction for use, attractiveness, ease of use, ease of holding, shape, and comfortable mouthpiece. The pMDI scored better to the Accuhaler in terms of size. More patients preferred the Accuhaler than the pMDI; the presence of a dose counter and perceived ease of use were the main reasons cited for their preference for the Accuhaler.

Crecimiento intrauterino de los huesos largos y su relación con el crecimiento estatural / Prenatal growth of long bones and body growth

Estudios postnatales han determinado que la variación de forma y de tamaño de las extremidades inferiores en nuestras poblaciones es una fuente determinante de las diferencias de estatura con poblaciones de otro origen étnico. Sin embargo, hay muy pocos datos sobre el crecimiento intrauterino y éstos están principalmente basados en mediciones ecográficas y evaluaciones según peso de nacimiento. Se determinaron en 55 embriones y fetos humanos de entre 6 y 40 semanas de gestación, las características del crecimiento estatural. Se calculó la edad y se obtuvieron las longitudes cráneo-glútea (LCG), Cráneo-calcánea (LCC), de fémur (LF), de tibia (LT), ancho de caderas (AC) y peso corporal. Estos estudios, aunque preliminares por el número de fetos estudiados, muestran que la forma corporal presenta una tendencia a mantenerse estable en sus proporciones en el transcurso del desarrollo intrauterino, con una disminución del ancho de caderas respecto de las variables longitudinales. La relación tronco-estatura indica una longitud menor de las extremidades inferiores, similares a las encontradas en etapas postnatales